![]() ![]() Damien Caillaud ( This work was supported by an LSB Leakey Foundation Research Grant, (to SR & JS) a National Science Foundation SBE Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant #1122321 (to SR) and a Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Dissertation Research Grant #201101446 (to SR). Data the authors used may be accessed by permission of the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, by contacting Dr. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Data are from studies included in the long-term Karisoke Research Center database maintained and owned by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta GA USA. Received: Accepted: JanuPublished: February 10, 2016Ĭopyright: © 2016 Rosenbaum et al. Cameron, University of Tasmania, AUSTRALIA ![]() This highlights the importance of considering individual and group-level variation when evaluating intersexual conflict across the reproductive cycle.Ĭitation: Rosenbaum S, Hirwa JP, Silk JB, Vigilant L, Stoinski TS (2016) Infant Mortality Risk and Paternity Certainty Are Associated with Postnatal Maternal Behavior toward Adult Male Mountain Gorillas ( Gorilla beringei beringei). Observed discrepancies between female behavior in single and multi-male groups likely reflect different levels of postpartum intersexual conflict in groups where paternity certainty and infanticide risk are both high, male-female interests align and females behave accordingly. Older infants (2–3 years) in multi-male groups mirrored their mothers’ preferences for individual male social partners 89% spent the most time in close proximity to the male their mother had spent the most time near when they were <1 year old. Rank was a much better predictor of females’ social partner choice than paternity. The sole notable change was that females with young infants proportionally increased their time near males they previously spent little time near when compared to males they had previously preferred, perhaps to encourage paternity uncertainty and deter aggression. In multi-male groups, where infanticide rates and paternity certainty are lower, mothers with new infants exhibited few behavioral changes toward males. ![]() In single male groups, where infanticide risk and paternity certainty are high, females with infants <1 year old spent more time near and affiliated more with males than females without young infants. We also evaluated the criteria mothers in multi-male groups used to choose a preferred male social partner. We tested whether mountain gorilla ( Gorilla beringei beringei) mothers in single and multi-male groups monitored by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund’s Karisoke Research Center actively facilitated interactions between their infants and a potentially protective male. In species with long-term male-female associations, females may benefit from male protection against infanticidal outsiders. Sexually selected infanticide is an important source of infant mortality in many mammalian species.
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